| Studia Geologica Polonica |  |
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Vol. 131 (2008) 
Geology of the Pieniny Klippen Belt and the Tatra Mts, Carpathians
Edited by K. Birkenmajer
Part XIX
Przemysław Gedl
Organic-walled dinoflagellate cyst stratigraphy of dark Middle Jurassic marine deposits of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians
Studia Geologica Polonica, 131: 7-227 | PDF - Full-text Article
Abstract
Przemysław Gedl
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Research Center in Kraków, Poland; ndgedl@cyf‑kr.edu.pl
Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from thirty four sections of Jurassic dark marine sediments of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland, have been studied. 111 taxa have been found. Succession of Late Toarcian-(Early?) Oxfordian dinoflagellate cyst assemblages was the base for distinguishing of ten dinoflagellate cyst zones: the Nannoceratopsis spp. Zone (Late Toarcian), the Phallocysta elongata Zone (latest Toarcian), the Nannoceratopsis evae Zone (Early- Middle, Late? Aalenian), the Dissiliodinium lichenoides Zone (latest Aalenian), the Dissiliodinium giganteum Zone (Early Bajocian), the Aldorfia aldorfensis Zone (Middle?-Late? Bajocian), the Ctenidodinium combazii Zone (Late Bajocian-Bathonian), the Dichadogonyaulax sellwoodii Zone (Late? Bathonian), the Compositosphaeridium polonicum Zone (Callovian) and the Systematophora areolata Zone (Early? Oxfordian).
Distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages suggests that several lithostratigraphic units are diachronous. The Krempachy Marl Formation, the oldest unit of the Klippen Successions that contains dinoflagellate cysts, is of Upper Toarcian age, except in the Niedzica Succession where it reaches up to the Upper Aalenian. The Skrzypny Shale Formation is of Upper Toarcian to Lower Bajocian age (in the Czorsztyn Succession), of Upper Aalenian age (in the Niedzica Succession), and of uppermost Toarcian age in the Czertezik Succession. The Harcygrund Shale Formation represents uppermost Aalenian to Lower Bajocian, and the Podzamcze Limestone Formation is Lower Bajocian in age.
The oldest formation of the Grajcarek Succession is the Szlachtowa Formation (Upper Toarcian- uppermost Bajocian). It is partially coeval with the basal part of the Opaleniec Formation (Lower Bajocian-Upper Bathonian) which, in turn, is coeval with basal part of the Sokolica Radiolarite Formation (uppermost Bajocian-Oxfordian). The latter formation is of the same age in the Branisko Succession. The Krzonowe Formation is most likely of uppermost Toarcian-Aalenian age, whereas the Stembrow Formation represents Upper Bajocian. A possible hiatus during Aalenian in the Grajcarek Succession is suggested.
Key words: Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts, stratigraphy, Jurassic, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians, Poland
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Research Center in Kraków, Poland; ndgedl@cyf‑kr.edu.pl
Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from thirty four sections of Jurassic dark marine sediments of the Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland, have been studied. 111 taxa have been found. Succession of Late Toarcian-(Early?) Oxfordian dinoflagellate cyst assemblages was the base for distinguishing of ten dinoflagellate cyst zones: the Nannoceratopsis spp. Zone (Late Toarcian), the Phallocysta elongata Zone (latest Toarcian), the Nannoceratopsis evae Zone (Early- Middle, Late? Aalenian), the Dissiliodinium lichenoides Zone (latest Aalenian), the Dissiliodinium giganteum Zone (Early Bajocian), the Aldorfia aldorfensis Zone (Middle?-Late? Bajocian), the Ctenidodinium combazii Zone (Late Bajocian-Bathonian), the Dichadogonyaulax sellwoodii Zone (Late? Bathonian), the Compositosphaeridium polonicum Zone (Callovian) and the Systematophora areolata Zone (Early? Oxfordian).
Distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages suggests that several lithostratigraphic units are diachronous. The Krempachy Marl Formation, the oldest unit of the Klippen Successions that contains dinoflagellate cysts, is of Upper Toarcian age, except in the Niedzica Succession where it reaches up to the Upper Aalenian. The Skrzypny Shale Formation is of Upper Toarcian to Lower Bajocian age (in the Czorsztyn Succession), of Upper Aalenian age (in the Niedzica Succession), and of uppermost Toarcian age in the Czertezik Succession. The Harcygrund Shale Formation represents uppermost Aalenian to Lower Bajocian, and the Podzamcze Limestone Formation is Lower Bajocian in age.
The oldest formation of the Grajcarek Succession is the Szlachtowa Formation (Upper Toarcian- uppermost Bajocian). It is partially coeval with the basal part of the Opaleniec Formation (Lower Bajocian-Upper Bathonian) which, in turn, is coeval with basal part of the Sokolica Radiolarite Formation (uppermost Bajocian-Oxfordian). The latter formation is of the same age in the Branisko Succession. The Krzonowe Formation is most likely of uppermost Toarcian-Aalenian age, whereas the Stembrow Formation represents Upper Bajocian. A possible hiatus during Aalenian in the Grajcarek Succession is suggested.
Key words: Organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts, stratigraphy, Jurassic, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians, Poland
Krzysztof Birkenmajer
The Szopka Limestone Formation - a new lithostratigraphic name for Upper Liassic beds of the Pieniny and Branisko successions, Pieniny Klippen Belt (West Carpathians)
Studia Geologica Polonica, 131: 229-235 | PDF - Full-text Article
Abstract
Krzysztof Birkenmajer
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Research Center in Kraków, Poland; ndbirken@cyf‑kr.edu.pl
A new formal lithostratigraphic name, the Szopka Limestone Formation, is introduced for fossiliferous spotty limestones (Fleckenkalk facies) of Upper Liassic (Upper Pliensbachian = Domerian) age, developed in pelagic basinal successions of the Pieniny Klippen Belt of Poland (West Carpathians). The formation occurs predominantly in the Pieniny Succesion, but has also been recognized in a southern variety of the Branisko Succession.
Key words: Upper Liassic, lithostratigraphy, Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Research Center in Kraków, Poland; ndbirken@cyf‑kr.edu.pl
A new formal lithostratigraphic name, the Szopka Limestone Formation, is introduced for fossiliferous spotty limestones (Fleckenkalk facies) of Upper Liassic (Upper Pliensbachian = Domerian) age, developed in pelagic basinal successions of the Pieniny Klippen Belt of Poland (West Carpathians). The formation occurs predominantly in the Pieniny Succesion, but has also been recognized in a southern variety of the Branisko Succession.
Key words: Upper Liassic, lithostratigraphy, Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians, Poland
Krzysztof Birkenmajer & Marek W. Lorenc
Lower Cretaceous exotic intraplate basaltoid olistolith from Biała Woda, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Poland: geochemistry and provenance
Studia Geologica Polonica, 131: 237-246 | PDF - Full-text Article
Abstract
Krzysztof Birkenmajer1 & Marek W. Lorenc2
1Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Research Center in Kraków, Poland; ndbirken@cyf‑kr.edu.pl
2Institute of Landscape Architecture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland. ; marek.lorenc@cyfup.wroc.pl
Geochemical analysis of a basaltic olistolith, K-Ar dated at Lower Cretaceous, which occurs in Upper Cretaceous conglomerates (Jarmuta Formation) of the Pieniny Klippen Belt of Poland, points to trachybasalt field of intraplate basaltoids. The olistolith most probably derived from a volcanic structure located on the Czorsztyn Ridge - a lithospheric splinter of the North European Platform which, during Jurassic-Early Cretaceus, bordered the Pieniny Klippen Belt Basin from the north.
Key words: Lower Cretaceous, intraplate basaltoid, olistolith, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians
1Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Research Center in Kraków, Poland; ndbirken@cyf‑kr.edu.pl
2Institute of Landscape Architecture, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24a, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland. ; marek.lorenc@cyfup.wroc.pl
Geochemical analysis of a basaltic olistolith, K-Ar dated at Lower Cretaceous, which occurs in Upper Cretaceous conglomerates (Jarmuta Formation) of the Pieniny Klippen Belt of Poland, points to trachybasalt field of intraplate basaltoids. The olistolith most probably derived from a volcanic structure located on the Czorsztyn Ridge - a lithospheric splinter of the North European Platform which, during Jurassic-Early Cretaceus, bordered the Pieniny Klippen Belt Basin from the north.
Key words: Lower Cretaceous, intraplate basaltoid, olistolith, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians
Patrycja Wójcik-Tabol
Trace elements and mineral assemblage as palaeoenvironmental markers in the Cenomanian/Turonian Magierowa Member (Pieniny Klippen Belt, West Carpathians)
Studia Geologica Polonica, 131: 247-268 | PDF - Full-text Article
Abstract
Patrycja Wójcik-Tabol
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Kraków, Poland, p.wojcik‑tabol@uj.edu.pl
The studied sediments of the Magierowa Member corespond to the Cenomanian/Turonian OAE 2. A better understanding of the genesis and palaeoenvironmental setting of this unit was achieved by means of geochemical indicators integrated with mineral composition. It suggests a strong influence of palaeoproductivity/redox cycles. The black shales are characterised by the enhanced accumulation and preservation of marine-derived organic matter. Lamination and enrich- ment of redox-sensitive elements (e.g., Ag, Cd, Mo, V) imply periodic prevalence of anoxic/euxinic conditions within the sediment (pore water) occasionally extending to the sediment/water interface. The bioturbated claystone intervals record periods of low productivity and development of more normal-marine conditions on the bottom. Furthermore, low Mn-contents, broad pyrite size-distribu- tion and presence of marine-origin organic matter suggest that an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) must have existed within the water column during accumulation. The mineral assemblage of the Magie- rowa Mbr includes clay minerals, quartz, feldspar and iron minerals. Mineralogical data comparing with some gechemical ratios: Ti/Al, K/Al, Rb/Al suggest pelagic regime of deposition. Well-crystallised illite corresponding with high kerogen maturation and large iron mineral point to advanced diagenesis.
Key words: Trace elements, illite, pyrite, organic matter, redox conditions, Oceanic Anoxic Event, Cenomanian-Turonian, Magierowa Member, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Kraków, Poland, p.wojcik‑tabol@uj.edu.pl
The studied sediments of the Magierowa Member corespond to the Cenomanian/Turonian OAE 2. A better understanding of the genesis and palaeoenvironmental setting of this unit was achieved by means of geochemical indicators integrated with mineral composition. It suggests a strong influence of palaeoproductivity/redox cycles. The black shales are characterised by the enhanced accumulation and preservation of marine-derived organic matter. Lamination and enrich- ment of redox-sensitive elements (e.g., Ag, Cd, Mo, V) imply periodic prevalence of anoxic/euxinic conditions within the sediment (pore water) occasionally extending to the sediment/water interface. The bioturbated claystone intervals record periods of low productivity and development of more normal-marine conditions on the bottom. Furthermore, low Mn-contents, broad pyrite size-distribu- tion and presence of marine-origin organic matter suggest that an oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) must have existed within the water column during accumulation. The mineral assemblage of the Magie- rowa Mbr includes clay minerals, quartz, feldspar and iron minerals. Mineralogical data comparing with some gechemical ratios: Ti/Al, K/Al, Rb/Al suggest pelagic regime of deposition. Well-crystallised illite corresponding with high kerogen maturation and large iron mineral point to advanced diagenesis.
Key words: Trace elements, illite, pyrite, organic matter, redox conditions, Oceanic Anoxic Event, Cenomanian-Turonian, Magierowa Member, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians
Patrycja Wójcik-Tabol
Inorganic geochemical records of local palaeoenvironmental variability in the Jaworki Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of the Niedzica Succession, Pieniny Klippen Belt (Western Carpathians)
Studia Geologica Polonica, 131: 269-280 | PDF - Full-text Article
Abstract
Patrycja Wójcik-Tabol
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Kraków, Poland, p.wojcik‑tabol@uj.edu.pl
The Cenomanian sequence of marls and marly shales interbedded by black shales (Jaworki Formation) from the Niedzica Succession was investigated. These organic carbon-rich horizons may correspond to the event of global anoxity OAE 1d. Major and trace element profiles mirror changing environments of deposition of black shales. In black shales, the content of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, TiO2, P2O5 increases at the expense of CaO. All samples are characterised as mixtures of terrigenous- detrital matter with varying amount of calcium carbonate. A good correlation between SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, TiO2, and the correlation with the minor elements Zr, Rb and Nb, point to the detrital origin of these elements. Detrital input was rather scarce. The high trace element/Al ratios in the black shales can be explained either by the adsorption onto organic matter or through the sulphides precipitation. Some black shale-samples are poorer in transitional metals. The studied sediments were deposited under oxic/suboxic conditions interrupted by irregular anoxic periods resulted from expansion of oxygen minimum zone (OMZ).
Key words: Major and trace elements, black shales facies, Cenomanian, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians
Institute of Geological Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Oleandry 2a, 30-063 Kraków, Poland, p.wojcik‑tabol@uj.edu.pl
The Cenomanian sequence of marls and marly shales interbedded by black shales (Jaworki Formation) from the Niedzica Succession was investigated. These organic carbon-rich horizons may correspond to the event of global anoxity OAE 1d. Major and trace element profiles mirror changing environments of deposition of black shales. In black shales, the content of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, K2O, TiO2, P2O5 increases at the expense of CaO. All samples are characterised as mixtures of terrigenous- detrital matter with varying amount of calcium carbonate. A good correlation between SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, TiO2, and the correlation with the minor elements Zr, Rb and Nb, point to the detrital origin of these elements. Detrital input was rather scarce. The high trace element/Al ratios in the black shales can be explained either by the adsorption onto organic matter or through the sulphides precipitation. Some black shale-samples are poorer in transitional metals. The studied sediments were deposited under oxic/suboxic conditions interrupted by irregular anoxic periods resulted from expansion of oxygen minimum zone (OMZ).
Key words: Major and trace elements, black shales facies, Cenomanian, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Carpathians
Krzysztof Birkenmajer
Karst sink-holes in the Würm Glaciation deposits, subsurface drainage and extent of Triassic limestones in the Sucha Woda Valley, Polish Tatra Mts (West Carpathians)
Studia Geologica Polonica, 131: 281-289 | PDF - Full-text Article
Abstract
Krzysztof Birkenmajer
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Research Center in Kraków, Poland; ndbirken@cyf‑kr.edu.pl
Distribution of karst sink-holes developed in morainic deposits of the Würm Glaciation in outer part of the Sucha Woda Valley, Polish Tatra Mts (Carpathians), indicates much wider subsurface extension of Triassic limestones than that shown on geological maps of the area.
Key words: Karst, sink-holes, Würm Glaciation, Tatra Mts, Carpathians
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Research Center in Kraków, Poland; ndbirken@cyf‑kr.edu.pl
Distribution of karst sink-holes developed in morainic deposits of the Würm Glaciation in outer part of the Sucha Woda Valley, Polish Tatra Mts (Carpathians), indicates much wider subsurface extension of Triassic limestones than that shown on geological maps of the area.
Key words: Karst, sink-holes, Würm Glaciation, Tatra Mts, Carpathians